The college marked a tremendous milestone in reducing its carbon footprint over Spring Break when it broke ground on a construction project that will transition the campus’s heating and cooling system to being powered by geothermal energy, an environmentally friendly alternative to the current steam-powered system. In the words of Director of Sustainability Wes Dripps ’92, who explained the new system and its significance to me, “We need to walk the walk; we can’t just talk the talk.” The new construction signifies that the college is doing just that.

This development, which comes after years of planning and collaboration between the college and partner groups, is a key step in the Climate Action Plan (CAP), which aims to decarbonize the campus by 2030 — meaning that the college will eliminate or offset all their carbon emissions and be effectively carbon neutral.

The construction will reconfigure campus piping infrastructure, as the new system will heat buildings using low-temperature hot water instead of steam. The water will be heated using geothermal energy, which is a renewable resource. Steam production, in contrast, depends on the emissions-heavy burning of fossil fuels.

The low-temperature hot water will still be able to meet the college’s heating needs without requiring as much energy for production. This ultimately allows the college to use renewable geothermal energy to power the heating system, instead of burning natural gas. The new system will still require a small amount of additional energy to heat the water, but this will be covered by electricity, which can be powered by renewable energy in the future

This brief summary aside, fully appreciating the significance of the college’s transition to geothermal energy requires an understanding of the history of energy generation at Amherst — from the college’s old system, to efforts to bring about change, to the nuances and rationale underlying our new system.

Our Old System

Since 2009, a large component of the college’s energy needs have been fulfilled by a natural-gas-powered cogeneration system. This means that the college’s heating and cooling system relies on steam generated by burning fossil fuels. This process takes place in a power plant behind the Science Center and across the train tracks, which burns natural gas to produce much of the college’s electricity and heat power. Being a cogeneration system, the heat generated from the plant is used to boil water that generates steam, which can be used for two purposes: burning more natural gas or driving a steam turbine to generate more electricity.

Emissions associated with cogeneration are considered “Scope 1” emissions under the Environmental Protection Agency’s guidelines for classifying the sources of an organization’s greenhouse gas emissions. “Scope 1” emissions come directly from sources owned and operated by the college, while “Scope 2” refers to indirect emissions caused by the college’s purchasing of energy generated by another plant.

Amherst’s on-site electricity generation totals 9,233 megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr), emitting greenhouse gases equal to over 15,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide (c). However, all that only amounts to about 40 percent of the college’s energy demand. To cover the campus’ remaining energy needs, the college purchases electricity from a local provider, Eversource.

Emissions from this purchased electricity make up our “Scope 2” emissions. Our purchase of electricity from Eversource provides us with 11,786 MWh/yr, and the highest percentage (34.14 percent) of EverSource’s system power comes from natural gas. According to data from 2015, our purchase at the time from Eversource meant that our purchased electricity emitted the equivalent of 4,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide. All told, the college emitted greenhouse gases in 2015 equal to the release of almost 20,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide.

Acknowledging a Need for Change

In 2015, this alarming number gave rise to a new group on campus to try and assess how we could manage our large carbon footprint.

At that time, the college formed a Climate Action Task Force. The original members of the Climate Action Task Force included the former director of sustainability, chief of campus operations, director of facilities, chief student affairs officers, the chief financial office chair, and various professors from the geology and environmental studies departments who all helped craft a “carbon management hierarchy” approach.

The Climate Action Task Force set forth some propositions for how the college could most efficiently become carbon neutral. They brainstormed with an energy consulting firm, Competitive Energy Services, to reduce carbon emissions by almost 12,000 metric tons by 2034. They discovered that this reduction could only be achieved with new infrastructure, regional improvements to the electrical grid via Eversource, and various other conditions that would require mass changes. In determining the feasibility of these mass changes, the group looked at Smith College, and instead of focusing on small projects to reduce emissions, Amherst committed to a total overhaul of the major source of its Scope 1 emissions: the natural gas-powered cogeneration system.

To tackle the carbon emissions from the natural gas-powered cogeneration system, the college worked with another sustainable engineering firm, Integral Group, to form a report on Amherst College’s energy profile. In 2019, Integral found that the college’s natural gas-powered cogeneration system had been deteriorating in efficiency over the years, with more than 4,000 lbs/hr, or 10 percent, of steam being lost before reaching the campus distribution network.

The decision to rework Scope 1 emissions also came with some immediate action to address the college’s carbon emissions from offsite electricity generation — its Scope 2 emissions. In 2019, the year of Integral Group’s report, the college participated in a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with NextEra Energy in Farmington, Maine, along with four other universities. In the agreement, Amherst purchases 10,000 MWh/yr of solar energy, which offsets the emissions from EverSource purchased energy. The purchase allows us to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by over 3,200 metric tons. This sort of renewable-energy purchase offsets Scope 2 emissions as well as current inefficiencies in the steam cogeneration systems, while on-campus solutions, like geothermal wells, can be implemented.

The New System

According to Amherst’s website, the geo-exchange of energy that the college’s new system will utilize is a natural process that occurs because of the direction of heat transfer. This is why geothermal energy is considered renewable.

In the new system, surface-temperature water will flow into geothermal wells and experience geo-exchange, taking on the temperature of the earth belowground, about 50-60 degrees Fahrenheit. The system “allow[s] us to then utilize the ambient air temperature at depth to … preheat or pre-cool,” said Dripps. Once the water has reached this temperature, the pumps will use 1kw of electricity to finish heating the water up to about 90 degrees in order to be pumped back up to the surface and be of use in the low-temperature hot water heating system. In the summer months, a cooling system will work in reverse, bringing the temperature further down from 50 to 60 degrees.

The amount of energy required to bring the water up to temperature is significantly lower than what is needed to produce steam. This ultimately allows the college to use only geothermal and electricity to power the heating and cooling system.

Low-temperature hot water will be heated by both renewable geothermal heat energy and electrical power. Graphic courtesy of Amherst College.

The college has a higher heating demand than cooling demand, particularly in the winter months. That means that the geo-exchange system’s renewability is not in equilibrium, and therefore not optimized. Thus, part of the transition requires the installment of a solar thermal system to prevent the exchange from failing and prevent the ground from cooling too much during our winters as we use heat energy from the earth to warm our system.

This combination of geothermal and solar thermal recharge will account for 100 percent of the cooling demand and 87-88 percent of the heating demand. According to the Integral Group report, the remaining 12-13 percent of our heating demand will need to be covered by switching our fuel from natural gas to biogas.

There are three phases of implementing the new geothermal system. The college is currently in the first stage of construction, in which campus buildings will get a new piping infrastructure to carry heat via low-temperature hot water rather than steam. The second phase will begin in 2025, with the digging of geothermal wells for the vertical, closed-loop system and the connection of heat pumps to the closed-loop system powered by renewable energy. The third phase will be in 2030, and will put together these components: all of the fossil-fueled steam boilers will be shut off, and the campus will only be heated by the new geothermal system.

The Greenway Dorms and the Science Center will be the first buildings to be routed into the new piping system, since they are newer. Photo courtesy of Amherst College.

Amherst has contracted Finegold Alexander Architects to identify code and accessibility issues with specific buildings, and the replacement of the steam and hot water systems for 26 buildings along with a design for the campus Energy Center which will be a “low-embodied carbon structure” that has a green roof and will be constructed using heavy timber. This construction is projected to be completed by 2030.

Why Geothermal Energy?

The transition to geothermal energy will mean the college will reduce its carbon dioxide emissions from 14,000 to 680 metric tons per year just by reducing natural gas alone. The new system is also more cost-effective: It would cost $12,544,456 every 15 years to update all of our cogeneration infrastructure, but with the new geothermal system it will only cost us $4,385,216 every 17 years to update all of our infrastructure (Integral Group).

The college’s transition will be following the example of its neighbor school, Smith, as they started their geo-exchange construction summer of 2022. In the process of meeting their climate action goals, Amherst will hopefully become another successful example of a carbon-neutral campus.

Three phases of construction for this summer's projects, set to occur between March 13 and Aug. 12, 2023. Images courtesy of Amherst College.

Senior Lecturer in Biology and Environmental Studies Rachel Levin, a member of the Climate Action Task Force, spoke to the broader movement that Amherst is joining. “Geothermal has shown to be really successful in a lot of places,” Levin said, “I know Carleton College has switched to [geothermal] and done a similar approach … I’m really excited to see how [geothermal] progresses.”

Professor of Geology and Environmental Studies Anna Martini, another member of the task force, was similarly excited about the decision. “Geothermal was on the table from the very beginning,” Martini said, “It is the best option for our goal, although it will be a bit disruptive for the next few years. I’m really happy to see the project finally begin, and I'm glad everyone is pushing forward here, even in the face of some economic headwinds. When reducing your carbon footprint, sooner is far better than later.”

“This will go down as one of the most transformational projects the college has ever done, and probably ever will do,” affirmed Dripps. “And it’s history.”

Geothermal

Geothermal Energy Switch Makes College History